Lección 3: Verbos Comunes β Ser, Estar, Tener, Ir, Hacer
Master the 5 most essential Spanish verbs that power everyday conversation. Learn when to use ser vs estar, express possession with tener, talk about movement with ir, and describe actions with hacer.
LecciΓ³n 3: Verbos Comunes β Ser, Estar, Tener, Ir, Hacer π
Β‘Bienvenido! Welcome to Your Verb Power-Up! πͺ
If vocabulary words are the bricks of Spanish, verbs are the cement that holds everything together. You can know 500 nouns, but without verbs, you can't build sentences. The good news? Just five verbs unlock most everyday conversations.
Today you'll master:
- Ser and estar (both mean "to be" - but they're NOT interchangeable!)
- Tener (to have)
- Ir (to go)
- Hacer (to do/make)
These aren't just any verbs - they're the Big Five that native speakers use constantly. By the end of this lesson, you'll be constructing real sentences, not just memorizing lists.
π― Por QuΓ© Estos Verbos (Why These Verbs)
These five verbs appear in approximately 40% of all Spanish conversation. They're irregular (meaning they don't follow standard patterns), so you need to learn them individually. But here's the beautiful part: once you know these, you can:
β Describe yourself and others β Talk about locations and conditions β Express possession and feelings β Discuss plans and movement β Describe activities and weather
π‘ Pro tip: Don't try to translate word-for-word from English. Spanish uses these verbs in ways English doesn't. For example, in Spanish you "have hunger" (tengo hambre) instead of "are hungry."
π Verbo 1: SER (to be - permanent/identity)
Ser describes essence, identity, and permanent characteristics. Think of it as the "DNA verb" - things that define who or what something fundamentally is.
ConjugaciΓ³n de SER (Present Tense)
βββββββββββββββ¬βββββββββββ¬ββββββββββββββββββββββ
β Persona β Forma β Ejemplo β
βββββββββββββββΌβββββββββββΌββββββββββββββββββββββ€
β yo β soy β Soy estudiante β
β tΓΊ β eres β Eres inteligente β
β Γ©l/ella/ud β es β Es de MΓ©xico β
β nosotros β somos β Somos amigos β
β vosotros β sois β Sois espaΓ±oles β
β ellos/uds β son β Son profesores β
βββββββββββββββ΄βββββββββββ΄ββββββββββββββββββββββ
π£οΈ PronunciaciΓ³n:
- soy (soy) - rhymes with "boy"
- eres (EH-res) - stress on first syllable
- es (ess) - quick and short
- somos (SOH-mohs) - like "so most" without the T
CuΓ‘ndo Usar SER (When to Use SER)
Use SER for:
1οΈβ£ Identity/Occupation: Soy doctor (I'm a doctor) 2οΈβ£ Origin: Soy de Chile (I'm from Chile) 3οΈβ£ Personality/Characteristics: Eres amable (You're kind) 4οΈβ£ Time: Son las tres (It's 3 o'clock) 5οΈβ£ Material: La mesa es de madera (The table is made of wood) 6οΈβ£ Possession: Es mi libro (It's my book) 7οΈβ£ Events: La fiesta es el sΓ‘bado (The party is on Saturday)
π§ Mnemonic: Remember DOCTOR for SER:
- Description (of personality)
- Occupation
- Characteristic
- Time
- Origin
- Relationship
π Verbo 2: ESTAR (to be - location/condition)
Estar describes location, temporary conditions, and states of being. Think of it as the "right now verb" - things that can change.
ConjugaciΓ³n de ESTAR (Present Tense)
βββββββββββββββ¬βββββββββββ¬ββββββββββββββββββββββ
β Persona β Forma β Ejemplo β
βββββββββββββββΌβββββββββββΌββββββββββββββββββββββ€
β yo β estoy β Estoy cansado β
β tΓΊ β estΓ‘s β EstΓ‘s en casa β
β Γ©l/ella/ud β estΓ‘ β EstΓ‘ enfermo β
β nosotros β estamosβ Estamos contentos β
β vosotros β estΓ‘is β EstΓ‘is ocupados β
β ellos/uds β estΓ‘n β EstΓ‘n aquΓ β
βββββββββββββββ΄βββββββββββ΄ββββββββββββββββββββββ
π£οΈ PronunciaciΓ³n:
- estoy (es-TOY) - stress on second syllable
- estΓ‘s (es-TAS) - notice the accent mark!
- estΓ‘ (es-TA) - accent shows stress
CuΓ‘ndo Usar ESTAR (When to Use ESTAR)
Use ESTAR for:
1οΈβ£ Location: Estoy en Madrid (I'm in Madrid) 2οΈβ£ Emotional states: EstΓ‘s triste (You're sad) 3οΈβ£ Physical conditions: EstΓ‘ cansado (He's tired) 4οΈβ£ Progressive actions: Estoy comiendo (I'm eating) 5οΈβ£ Results of actions: La puerta estΓ‘ cerrada (The door is closed)
π§ Mnemonic: Remember PLACE for ESTAR:
- Position/Location
- Location
- Action (progressive)
- Condition (temporary)
- Emotion
π SER vs ESTAR: The Big Showdown
This is THE distinction that trips up learners. Let's see it in action:
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ¬βββββββββββββββββββββββββ
β Con SER β Con ESTAR β
β (permanent/essence) β (temporary/location) β
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββΌβββββββββββββββββββββββββ€
β Soy feliz β Estoy feliz β
β (I'm a happy person) β (I'm happy right now) β
β β β
β Es aburrido β EstΓ‘ aburrido β
β (He's boring) β (He's bored) β
β β β
β Eres guapo β EstΓ‘s guapo β
β (You're handsome) β (You look handsome) β
β β β
β La manzana es verde β La manzana estΓ‘ verde β
β (The apple is green) β (The apple is unripe) β
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ΄βββββββββββββββββββββββββ
β οΈ Β‘Cuidado! Some adjectives change meaning depending on whether you use SER or ESTAR!
ser listo = to be clever/smart
estar listo = to be ready
ser rico = to be rich
estar rico = to taste delicious
ser malo = to be evil/bad person
estar malo = to be sick
π Verbo 3: TENER (to have)
Tener expresses possession, but it's used in many idiomatic expressions where English uses "to be."
ConjugaciΓ³n de TENER (Present Tense)
βββββββββββββββ¬βββββββββββ¬ββββββββββββββββββββββ
β Persona β Forma β Ejemplo β
βββββββββββββββΌβββββββββββΌββββββββββββββββββββββ€
β yo β tengo β Tengo un gato β
β tΓΊ β tienes β Tienes razΓ³n β
β Γ©l/ella/ud β tiene β Tiene 25 aΓ±os β
β nosotros β tenemosβ Tenemos hambre β
β vosotros β tenΓ©is β TenΓ©is tiempo β
β ellos/uds β tienen β Tienen dinero β
βββββββββββββββ΄βββββββββββ΄ββββββββββββββββββββββ
π£οΈ PronunciaciΓ³n:
- tengo (TEN-goh) - the "g" sounds like in "go"
- tienes (TYEH-nes) - two syllables
- tiene (TYEH-neh) - rhymes with "viene"
Expresiones Comunes con TENER
Tener appears in MANY expressions where English uses "to be." This is crucial!
βββββββββββββββββββββββ¬βββββββββββββββββββββββ¬ββββββββββββββββ
β ExpresiΓ³n β Significado β English β
βββββββββββββββββββββββΌβββββββββββββββββββββββΌββββββββββββββββ€
β tener hambre β to be hungry β (have hunger) β
β tener sed β to be thirsty β (have thirst) β
β tener frΓo β to be cold β (have cold) β
β tener calor β to be hot β (have heat) β
β tener sueΓ±o β to be sleepy β (have sleep) β
β tener miedo β to be afraid β (have fear) β
β tener razΓ³n β to be right β (have reason) β
β tener prisa β to be in a hurry β (have rush) β
β tener suerte β to be lucky β (have luck) β
β tener cuidado β to be careful β (have care) β
β tener ganas de... β to feel like... β (have desire) β
βββββββββββββββββββββββ΄βββββββββββββββββββββββ΄ββββββββββββββββ
π‘ Key insight: When talking about age in Spanish, you "have" years, not "are" years:
- β Soy 25 aΓ±os (WRONG)
- β Tengo 25 aΓ±os (RIGHT) - "I have 25 years"
π€ Did you know? This pattern exists because Spanish conceptualizes feelings as things you "possess" temporarily, while English sees them as states of being. Neither is "right" - they're just different mental models!
π Verbo 4: IR (to go)
Ir is the verb of movement and future plans. It's super irregular, but also super useful.
ConjugaciΓ³n de IR (Present Tense)
βββββββββββββββ¬βββββββββββ¬ββββββββββββββββββββββ
β Persona β Forma β Ejemplo β
βββββββββββββββΌβββββββββββΌββββββββββββββββββββββ€
β yo β voy β Voy al trabajo β
β tΓΊ β vas β Vas a la escuela β
β Γ©l/ella/ud β va β Va al cine β
β nosotros β vamos β Vamos a casa β
β vosotros β vais β Vais al parque β
β ellos/uds β van β Van a EspaΓ±a β
βββββββββββββββ΄βββββββββββ΄ββββββββββββββββββββββ
π£οΈ PronunciaciΓ³n:
- voy (boy) - rhymes with "boy"
- vas (bahs) - short and quick
- vamos (BAH-mohs) - stress on first syllable
IR + A = Futuro Inmediato (Immediate Future)
One of the MOST useful patterns in Spanish: IR + A + infinitive verb = going to do something
IR (conjugated) + A + VERB (infinitive)
β β β
Voy + a + comer
(I'm going) (to) (eat)
= I'm going to eat
Ejemplos:
- Voy a estudiar = I'm going to study
- Vas a viajar = You're going to travel
- Vamos a comer = We're going to eat
- Van a comprar = They're going to buy
π‘ Pro tip: This is EASIER than the future tense you'll learn later. Use it for any near-future action!
IR + A = Going to a Place
When talking about going to places, use a (to) + el = al:
- Voy al parque (to the park)
- Vas al restaurante (to the restaurant)
- Va a la playa (to the beach) - "la" doesn't contract
π Verbo 5: HACER (to do/make)
Hacer is your all-purpose action verb. It means both "to do" and "to make," plus it's used for weather!
ConjugaciΓ³n de HACER (Present Tense)
βββββββββββββββ¬βββββββββββ¬ββββββββββββββββββββββ
β Persona β Forma β Ejemplo β
βββββββββββββββΌβββββββββββΌββββββββββββββββββββββ€
β yo β hago β Hago ejercicio β
β tΓΊ β haces β Haces la tarea β
β Γ©l/ella/ud β hace β Hace cafΓ© β
β nosotros β hacemosβ Hacemos planes β
β vosotros β hacΓ©is β HacΓ©is ruido β
β ellos/uds β hacen β Hacen preguntas β
βββββββββββββββ΄βββββββββββ΄ββββββββββββββββββββββ
π£οΈ PronunciaciΓ³n:
- hago (AH-goh) - the "h" is silent!
- haces (AH-ses) - "h" silent, sounds like "ah-ses"
- hace (AH-seh) - silent "h"
β οΈ Important: The "H" in Spanish is ALWAYS silent! "Hacer" sounds like "ah-SEHR."
Usos Especiales de HACER
1. Weather expressions: Use HACE (3rd person singular) for weather:
ββββββββββββββββββββ¬βββββββββββββββββββ
β ExpresiΓ³n β English β
ββββββββββββββββββββΌβββββββββββββββββββ€
β Hace calor β It's hot β
β Hace frΓo β It's cold β
β Hace sol β It's sunny β
β Hace viento β It's windy β
β Hace buen tiempo β Nice weather β
β Hace mal tiempo β Bad weather β
ββββββββββββββββββββ΄βββββββββββββββββββ
2. Common expressions:
- hacer ejercicio = to exercise ("make exercise")
- hacer preguntas = to ask questions ("make questions")
- hacer la cama = to make the bed
- hacer la tarea = to do homework
- hacer un viaje = to take a trip
- hacer cola = to stand in line
π Cultural note: In Spanish, you "make" questions rather than "ask" them - reflects a different way of thinking about communication!
π¬ Escenario en AcciΓ³n: Los Cinco Verbos Juntos
Let's see ALL five verbs in a real conversation. MarΓa and Carlos are meeting:
Carlos: Β‘Hola! Soy Carlos. ΒΏEres MarΓa? (Hi! I am Carlos. Are you MarΓa?)
MarΓa: SΓ, soy yo. Mucho gusto. ΒΏDe dΓ³nde eres? (Yes, I am. Nice to meet you. Where are you from?)
Carlos: Soy de Colombia. Estoy aquΓ por trabajo. ΒΏTienes tiempo para un cafΓ©? (I'm from Colombia. I'm here for work. Do you have time for coffee?)
MarΓa: SΓ, pero tengo prisa. Tengo una reuniΓ³n a las tres. (Yes, but I'm in a hurry. I have a meeting at 3.)
Carlos: Perfecto. Hay una cafeterΓa cerca. ΒΏVamos? (Perfect. There's a cafΓ© nearby. Shall we go?)
MarΓa: SΓ, vamos. Hace buen tiempo hoy, ΒΏverdad? (Yes, let's go. The weather is nice today, right?)
Carlos: SΓ, hace sol. ΒΏQuΓ© haces despuΓ©s de tu reuniΓ³n? (Yes, it's sunny. What are you doing after your meeting?)
MarΓa: Voy a ir al gimnasio. Hago ejercicio todos los dΓas. (I'm going to go to the gym. I exercise every day.)
Carlos: Β‘QuΓ© bien! Yo tambiΓ©n tengo ganas de hacer mΓ‘s deporte. (Great! I also feel like doing more sports.)
π¬ Notice: In just 8 lines, we used all 5 verbs multiple times in natural ways!
β οΈ Errores Comunes (Common Mistakes)
β Error 1: Confusing SER and ESTAR
Wrong: Soy en la casa Right: Estoy en la casa Why: Location always uses ESTAR, not SER
Wrong: Estoy de MΓ©xico Right: Soy de MΓ©xico Why: Origin uses SER (permanent characteristic)
β Error 2: Using "to be" logic with TENER
Wrong: Soy hambre Right: Tengo hambre Why: Spanish uses "have hunger," not "be hungry"
Wrong: Γl es 30 aΓ±os Right: Γl tiene 30 aΓ±os Why: Age uses TENER ("have" years), never SER
β Error 3: Forgetting to contract A + EL = AL
Wrong: Voy a el parque Right: Voy al parque Why: "a" + "el" must contract to "al"
But: Voy a la tienda (no contraction with "la")
β Error 4: Wrong verb for weather
Wrong: Es calor / EstΓ‘ calor Right: Hace calor Why: Weather uses HACER (hace), not ser or estar
β Error 5: Silent H strikes again!
Wrong: Pronouncing the "h" in "hago" or "hace" Right: Silent! "AH-goh" and "AH-seh" Why: Spanish H is ALWAYS silent, unlike English
π§ Try This: Verb Decision Practice
Which verb fits? Think through the logic:
- Yo ___ estudiante. (I'm a student - identity = SER)
- Yo ___ en la biblioteca. (I'm in the library - location = ESTAR)
- Yo ___ un libro. (I have a book - possession = TENER)
- Yo ___ a la universidad. (I go to university - movement = IR)
- Yo ___ mi tarea. (I do my homework - action = HACER)
Answers: soy, estoy, tengo, voy, hago
π Tabla de Referencia RΓ‘pida: Los Cinco Grandes
βββββββββ¬βββββββββββββββ¬ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
β VERBO β YO / TΓ β CUΓNDO USAR β
βββββββββΌβββββββββββββββΌββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ€
β SER β soy / eres β Identity, origin, time, β
β β β characteristics (permanent) β
βββββββββΌβββββββββββββββΌββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ€
β ESTAR β estoy/estΓ‘s β Location, condition, emotion, β
β β β temporary states β
βββββββββΌβββββββββββββββΌββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ€
β TENER β tengo/tienes β Possession, age, physical β
β β β sensations (hunger, cold, etc.) β
βββββββββΌβββββββββββββββΌββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ€
β IR β voy / vas β Movement, going places, β
β β β future plans (ir + a + infinitive) β
βββββββββΌβββββββββββββββΌββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ€
β HACER β hago / haces β Actions (do/make), weather, β
β β β activities β
βββββββββ΄βββββββββββββββ΄ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
π― Puntos Clave (Key Takeaways)
β SER = essence/identity (Soy doctor, Eres de Chile) β ESTAR = location/temporary state (Estoy aquΓ, EstΓ‘s cansado) β TENER = possession + idiomatic expressions (Tengo un carro, Tengo hambre) β IR = movement + immediate future (Voy al parque, Voy a comer) β HACER = actions + weather (Hago ejercicio, Hace frΓo)
β All five verbs are irregular - memorize their forms! β Tener expressions replace many English "to be" phrases β Ir + a + infinitive = easy way to talk about future β Hacer is used for weather (hace calor, hace frΓo) β Context determines ser vs. estar with adjectives
π Further Study
- SpanishDict Verb Conjugations: https://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate - Hear pronunciation of all forms
- StudySpanish.com Ser vs Estar: https://www.studyspanish.com/grammar/lessons/serest - Interactive exercises
- Lawless Spanish Tener Expressions: https://www.lawlessspanish.com/grammar/verbs/tener-expressions/ - Complete list with examples
π Quick Reference Card: Your Verb Cheat Sheet
Print or save this!
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
β LOS CINCO GRANDES - QUICK REFERENCE β
β βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ£
β SER (identity/permanent) β
β soy | eres | es | somos | sois | son β
β β Soy estudiante. Eres inteligente. Es de MΓ©xico. β
β βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ£
β ESTAR (location/temporary) β
β estoy | estΓ‘s | estΓ‘ | estamos | estΓ‘is | estΓ‘n β
β β Estoy en casa. EstΓ‘s cansado. EstΓ‘ aquΓ. β
β βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ£
β TENER (have/possession) β
β tengo | tienes | tiene | tenemos | tenΓ©is | tienen β
β β Tengo 25 aΓ±os. Tienes razΓ³n. Tienen hambre. β
β EXPRESSIONS: hambre, sed, frΓo, calor, sueΓ±o, miedo β
β βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ£
β IR (go/movement) β
β voy | vas | va | vamos | vais | van β
β β Voy al trabajo. Vas a la escuela. β
β FUTURE: ir + a + infinitive (Voy a comer) β
β βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ£
β HACER (do/make) β
β hago | haces | hace | hacemos | hacΓ©is | hacen β
β β Hago ejercicio. Haces la tarea. β
β WEATHER: Hace calor, frΓo, sol, viento β
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
Β‘Felicidades! You now have command over the five most powerful verbs in Spanish. Practice them daily, and you'll be amazed how much you can express! π