Lesson 2: The Accusative Case - Direct Objects and Movement
Master the German accusative case, learn vocabulary for common objects and places, and practice essential expressions for daily interactions.
π― Lesson 2: The Accusative Case - Direct Objects and Movement
Introduction
Welcome back! In Lesson 1, you learned about the Nominative Case - the case used for subjects (who or what is doing the action). Now we're moving to the Accusative Case (der Akkusativ), which is used for direct objects - the person or thing receiving the action.
Think of it this way: πΎ If the nominative is the tennis player, the accusative is the ball being hit. The action flows FROM the subject TO the direct object.
π Core Concept: What is the Accusative Case?
The accusative case answers the question "Wen?" (whom?) or "Was?" (what?) in relation to the verb.
Example:
- Der Mann sieht den Hund. (The man sees the dog.)
- Subject (nominative): Der Mann (who sees?)
- Direct object (accusative): den Hund (sees whom/what?)
The good news: Only the masculine article changes in the accusative case! Feminine, neuter, and plural stay the same.
π Definite Articles in Accusative Case
+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Gender | Nominative | Accusative |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Masculine | der | den |
| Feminine | die | die |
| Neuter | das | das |
| Plural | die | die |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+
π‘ Mnemonic Device: "DEN MAN" - only the masculine "der" changes to "den" in accusative. Think: "I see DEN MAN."
π Indefinite Articles in Accusative Case
+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Gender | Nominative | Accusative |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Masculine | ein | einen |
| Feminine | eine | eine |
| Neuter | ein | ein |
| Plural | - | - |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+
π Negative Articles (kein - no/not a)
+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Gender | Nominative | Accusative |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Masculine | kein | keinen |
| Feminine | keine | keine |
| Neuter | kein | kein |
| Plural | keine | keine |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+
π£οΈ Essential Vocabulary: Common Objects
Let's learn words you'll use every day. Notice the gender of each noun - this determines which article changes!
Masculine Objects (der β den):
- der Apfel (AHP-fel) - apple π
- der Kaffee (kah-FAY) - coffee β
- der Wein (vine) - wine π·
- der Tisch (tish) - table
- der Stuhl (shtool) - chair
- der Hund (hoont) - dog π
Feminine Objects (die β die):
- die Zeitung (TSYE-toong) - newspaper π°
- die Milch (milsh) - milk π₯
- die Katze (KAHT-tseh) - cat π
- die Tasche (TAH-sheh) - bag/purse π
- die Pizza (PEET-sah) - pizza π
Neuter Objects (das β das):
- das Buch (bookh) - book π
- das Brot (broht) - bread π
- das Wasser (VAH-ser) - water π§
- das Auto (OW-toh) - car π
- das Bier (beer) - beer πΊ
π¬ Core Concept: Accusative Verbs (Transitive Verbs)
Many common verbs take direct objects and therefore use the accusative case:
Essential Accusative Verbs:
- haben (to have) - Ich habe einen Hund. (I have a dog.)
- sehen (to see) - Er sieht den Tisch. (He sees the table.)
- kaufen (to buy) - Sie kauft eine Tasche. (She buys a bag.)
- lesen (to read) - Wir lesen die Zeitung. (We read the newspaper.)
- trinken (to drink) - Du trinkst den Kaffee. (You drink the coffee.)
- essen (to eat) - Ich esse das Brot. (I eat the bread.)
- nehmen (to take) - Er nimmt den Apfel. (He takes the apple.)
- brauchen (to need) - Sie braucht einen Stuhl. (She needs a chair.)
- mΓΆgen (to like) - Ich mag die Katze. (I like the cat.)
- lieben (to love) - Er liebt das Auto. (He loves the car.)
π Movement & Direction: Accusative with Prepositions
The accusative case is also used with certain prepositions, especially those indicating motion toward a place:
Common Accusative Prepositions:
+------------+-------------------+------------------------+
| Preposition| Meaning | Example |
+------------+-------------------+------------------------+
| durch | through | durch den Park |
| fΓΌr | for | fΓΌr den Mann |
| gegen | against | gegen die Wand |
| ohne | without | ohne das Buch |
| um | around/at(time) | um den Tisch |
+------------+-------------------+------------------------+
π§ Mnemonic: "DUFGOU" (doof-goo) - durch, um, fΓΌr, gegen, ohne, um
Or think: "Dogs Usually Fight Grudges Or Understand"
π‘ Key Insight: These prepositions ALWAYS take accusative, no matter what. If you see "fΓΌr," you know the next article must be accusative!
π Example 1: At the Supermarket π
Scenario: Anna is shopping for groceries. Let's see the accusative in action:
Anna: Ich brauche einen Apfel, eine Zeitung und ein Brot. (I need an apple, a newspaper, and a bread.)
Analysis:
- einen Apfel (masculine accusative: ein β einen)
- eine Zeitung (feminine accusative: stays eine)
- ein Brot (neuter accusative: stays ein)
Cashier: Das kostet sechs Euro. Haben Sie eine Tasche? (That costs six euros. Do you have a bag?)
Anna: Nein, ich brauche keine Tasche. Danke! (No, I don't need a bag. Thanks!)
Analysis:
- keine Tasche (feminine negative accusative: stays keine)
π Example 2: At the CafΓ© β
Scenario: Tom orders at a cafΓ© and discusses plans:
Tom: Ich nehme einen Kaffee und ein StΓΌck Kuchen. (I'll take a coffee and a piece of cake.)
Kellner (Waiter): MΓΆchten Sie die Zeitung lesen? (Would you like to read the newspaper?)
Tom: Ja, gerne! Ich lese immer die Zeitung am Morgen. (Yes, gladly! I always read the newspaper in the morning.)
Tom's Friend: Ich gehe ohne den Regenschirm. Kommst du? (I'm going without the umbrella. Are you coming?)
Analysis:
- einen Kaffee (masculine: ein β einen)
- ein StΓΌck (neuter: stays ein)
- die Zeitung (feminine: stays die)
- den Regenschirm (masculine: der β den)
π Example 3: Talking About Pets ππ
Scenario: Maria and Johannes discuss their pets:
Maria: Ich habe eine Katze. Hast du ein Haustier? (I have a cat. Do you have a pet?)
Johannes: Ja, ich habe einen Hund. Ich liebe meinen Hund sehr! (Yes, I have a dog. I love my dog very much!)
Maria: Wie sΓΌΓ! Siehst du die Katze dort? (How sweet! Do you see the cat there?)
Analysis:
- eine Katze (feminine: stays eine)
- ein Haustier (neuter: stays ein)
- einen Hund (masculine: ein β einen)
- meinen Hund (masculine possessive: mein β meinen)
- die Katze (feminine: stays die)
π Example 4: Going Places - Directional Accusative πΆββοΈ
Scenario: Friends make plans to go out:
Lisa: Ich gehe in den Park. Kommst du mit? (I'm going to the park. Are you coming along?)
Max: Nein, ich gehe durch die Stadt und dann ins Kino. (No, I'm going through the city and then to the cinema.)
Lisa: Ohne mich? Das ist nicht nett! (Without me? That's not nice!)
Max: NatΓΌrlich nicht ohne dich! Ich kaufe die Tickets fΓΌr uns. (Of course not without you! I'm buying the tickets for us.)
Analysis:
- in den Park (motion toward β accusative: der β den)
- durch die Stadt (durch always accusative)
- ohne mich/dich (personal pronouns in accusative)
- die Tickets (plural: stays die)
- fΓΌr uns (fΓΌr always accusative)
π¨οΈ Common Expressions with Accusative Case
These everyday phrases all use the accusative case:
Shopping & Ordering:
- Ich hΓ€tte gern einen Kaffee. (I would like a coffee.) β
- Haben Sie das Buch? (Do you have the book?) π
- Ich nehme die Pizza. (I'll take the pizza.) π
- Was kostet der Apfel? (What does the apple cost?) π
Daily Activities:
- Ich lese die Zeitung. (I'm reading the newspaper.) π°
- Er trinkt einen Wein. (He's drinking a wine.) π·
- Sie sieht einen Film. (She's watching a movie.) π¬
- Wir essen das Brot. (We're eating the bread.) π
Expressing Needs:
- Ich brauche eine Tasche. (I need a bag.) π
- Er braucht einen Stuhl. (He needs a chair.) πͺ
- Sie braucht kein Auto. (She doesn't need a car.) π
With Prepositions:
- Das ist fΓΌr meinen Bruder. (That's for my brother.)
- Ohne den SchlΓΌssel kann ich nicht rein. (Without the key, I can't get in.) π
- Ich gehe durch den Park. (I'm going through the park.) π³
- Um die Ecke ist ein CafΓ©. (Around the corner is a cafΓ©.)
π Confused Pairs: Nominative vs. Accusative
Pay attention to word order and function!
β Common Mistake: Confusing subject and object
- Wrong: Der Mann sieht der Hund.
- Right: Der Mann sieht den Hund. (The man sees the dog.)
- Explanation: The dog is receiving the action (being seen), so it's accusative.
Comparison:
- Der Hund sieht den Mann. (The dog sees the man.) - Dog is subject
- Der Mann sieht den Hund. (The man sees the dog.) - Dog is object
π€ Word Origin Connection: The word "accusative" comes from Latin "accusare" (to accuse). Think of the direct object as being "accused" or "affected" by the verb's action!
β οΈ Common Mistakes to Avoid
1. Forgetting to change masculine articles
- β Ich sehe der Mann.
- β Ich sehe den Mann.
- π‘ Always ask: Is this the direct object? Is it masculine? Then use "den/einen"!
2. Changing feminine or neuter articles unnecessarily
- β Ich kaufe das Tasche.
- β Ich kaufe die Tasche.
- π‘ Only masculine changes! Feminine and neuter stay the same.
3. Confusing "ein" and "einen"
- β Er hat ein Hund.
- β Er hat einen Hund.
- π‘ Masculine indefinite article: ein β einen in accusative.
4. Using nominative after accusative prepositions
- β Das ist fΓΌr der Mann.
- β Das ist fΓΌr den Mann.
- π‘ Remember DUFGOU - these always take accusative!
5. Mixing up "kein" and "keinen"
- β Ich habe kein Hund.
- β Ich habe keinen Hund.
- π‘ "Kein" follows the same pattern as "ein": kein β keinen for masculine accusative.
π Extended Scenario: A Day in the City
Let's follow Max through his day and see the accusative case in natural context:
Max wacht auf und trinkt einen Kaffee. Er liest die Zeitung und isst ein BrΓΆtchen mit Marmelade. Heute braucht er einen neuen Laptop, also geht er in die Stadt.
(Max wakes up and drinks a coffee. He reads the newspaper and eats a roll with jam. Today he needs a new laptop, so he goes to the city.)
Er geht durch den Park und sieht eine schΓΆne Katze. "Ich mag Katzen," denkt er. Um die Ecke findet er das GeschΓ€ft.
(He goes through the park and sees a beautiful cat. "I like cats," he thinks. Around the corner he finds the shop.)
Im GeschΓ€ft fragt er: "Haben Sie einen Laptop fΓΌr mich?" Die VerkΓ€uferin antwortet: "Ja, natΓΌrlich! Ich zeige Ihnen unsere Laptops."
(In the shop he asks: "Do you have a laptop for me?" The saleswoman answers: "Yes, of course! I'll show you our laptops.")
Max kauft einen guten Laptop und bezahlt mit Karte. Dann geht er ohne die Tasche (er braucht keine Tasche) nach Hause.
(Max buys a good laptop and pays with card. Then he goes home without the bag (he doesn't need a bag).)
Zu Hause trinkt er ein Bier und schaut einen Film. Was fΓΌr ein schΓΆner Tag!
(At home he drinks a beer and watches a movie. What a beautiful day!)
Vocabulary from the story:
- der Laptop (laptop) π»
- das BrΓΆtchen (bread roll) π₯
- das GeschΓ€ft (shop/store) πͺ
- zeigen (to show)
- bezahlen (to pay) π³
- zu Hause (at home) π
- schauen (to watch/look)
- schΓΆn (beautiful/nice) β¨
π€ Did You Know?
In German, the accusative case is also used for time expressions indicating duration:
- Ich warte einen Moment. (I'm waiting a moment.)
- Er schlΓ€ft den ganzen Tag. (He sleeps the whole day.)
- Wir bleiben eine Woche. (We're staying a week.)
Notice how these don't use prepositions - the accusative directly expresses duration! β°
π§ Try This: Practice Exercise
Fill in the correct article (accusative case):
- Ich sehe ___ Mann. (der Mann)
- Sie kauft ___ Tasche. (die Tasche)
- Er trinkt ___ Bier. (das Bier)
- Wir lesen ___ Buch. (das Buch)
- Ich brauche ___ Stuhl. (der Stuhl)
Answers:
- den Mann (masculine: der β den)
- die Tasche (feminine: stays die)
- das Bier (neuter: stays das)
- das Buch (neuter: stays das)
- einen Stuhl (masculine: ein β einen)
π Personal Pronouns in Accusative
You'll often need accusative pronouns for "me," "you," "him," etc.:
+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Person | Nominative | Accusative |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| ich | ich | mich |
| du | du | dich |
| er | er | ihn |
| sie (she) | sie | sie |
| es | es | es |
| wir | wir | uns |
| ihr | ihr | euch |
| sie (they)| sie | sie |
| Sie (you) | Sie | Sie |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+
Examples:
- Er sieht mich. (He sees me.)
- Ich liebe dich. (I love you.)
- Sie kennt ihn. (She knows him.)
- Wir besuchen euch. (We're visiting you all.)
- Das Geschenk ist fΓΌr uns. (The gift is for us.) π
π― Key Takeaways
β The accusative case is used for direct objects - the person or thing receiving the action.
β Only masculine articles change: der β den, ein β einen, kein β keinen.
β Feminine, neuter, and plural stay the same in accusative.
β Common accusative verbs: haben, sehen, kaufen, lesen, trinken, essen, nehmen, brauchen.
β Accusative prepositions (DUFGOU): durch, um, fΓΌr, gegen, ohne - always accusative!
β Ask yourself: "Wen oder was?" (Whom or what?) to identify the accusative object.
β Word order matters: The function (subject vs. object) determines the case, not the position.
π Quick Reference Card: Accusative Case Cheat Sheet
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
β ACCUSATIVE CASE QUICK REFERENCE β
β βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ£
β WHEN TO USE: Direct objects, after DUFGOU prep. β
β QUESTION: Wen? (whom?) Was? (what?) β
β βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ£
β ARTICLES: β
β Masculine: derβden einβeinen keinβkeinen β
β Feminine: dieβdie eineβeine keineβkeine β
β Neuter: dasβdas einβein keinβkein β
β Plural: dieβdie keineβkeine β
β βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ£
β KEY VERBS: haben, sehen, kaufen, lesen, trinken, β
β essen, nehmen, brauchen, mΓΆgen, lieben β
β βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ£
β PREPOSITIONS: durch, um, fΓΌr, gegen, ohne β
β (DUFGOU - always accusative!) β
β βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ£
β PRONOUNS: mich, dich, ihn, sie, es, uns, euch β
β βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ£
β MNEMONIC: Only DEN MAN changes! (masculine only) β
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
π Further Study
Ready to dive deeper? Check out these resources:
Deutsche Welle - German Cases Explained: https://www.dw.com/en/learn-german/german-grammar/s-9292
- Comprehensive explanations with audio examples
German.net - Accusative Case Guide: https://www.german.net/exercises/grammar/accusative-case/
- Interactive exercises and detailed charts
Dartmouth College - German Grammar Reference: https://german.dartmouth.edu/GrammarReference/Case/
- Academic but accessible overview of all German cases
π Final Thoughts
The accusative case is your gateway to expressing actions and relationships in German. Master the masculine article change (der β den, ein β einen), remember your DUFGOU prepositions, and you'll be well on your way to natural German expression.
Next lesson, we'll explore the dative case (giving and receiving) and how it interacts with accusative. But for now, practice seeing those direct objects everywhere - in shops, restaurants, conversations. The accusative is all around you! π
Viel Erfolg! (Good luck!) π